Adam Smith- Phisiocrat who believed in laisse faire (hands off) economy for Britain and the separation of the economy and government regulations. The Wealth of Nations.

Pugachev Rebellion- Rebellion of peasants in Russia over obligations and taxation from lords and also the weakness of government authority from Catherine the Great. Smashed by Catherine.

Borgeoisie- Wealth business class in France comprised of commercial trades and owners of business. Contained the money but received no representation prior to the French Revolution.

Pragmatic Sanction- Charles VI of Austria attempted to persuade the nobility of Austria to support his daughter Maria Therese as Queen after Charles died. This resulted in the War of Austrian Succession, the eventual loss of Silesia to Frederick II of Prussia and finally to Maria getting the crown.

Partition of Poland- The dividing of Poland for Russian, Austria, and Prussia. During the reign of Stansilaus. Denied Polish independence.

Olympe de Gouges- wrote the Declaration of Rights of Woman as reaction to a similar document for man and citizen. Argued that women need to be free in order to raise free men. Executed for advocating women’s rights during the French Revolution.

Tennis Court Oath- comprised of the Third Estate and poorer priests who were denied access to the Estates Generl meeting in 1789, then formed the National Assembly and refused to disband unless a constitution was drafted.

Levee en Masse- meaning the nation at arms during the French Revolution when being invaded (Brunswick Manifesto) same citizen soldiers who had no military experience defended France.

Committee of Public Safety- Headed by Robespierre and attained power during the reign of Terror. Executed those against the revolution. Controlled political matters.

Night of August 4th- Night during French Revolution in which every person became passive or active citizens and there was no more hierarchical status. Nobles lost privileges, everyone had to pay taxes. Declaration of Philnitz- Agreement between Leopold of Austria and Prussia who wanted monarchical power restored to France and was to attack if anything should happen to Louis XVI. Later became Brunswick Manifesto.

James Hargreaves- 1764. He invented the spinning Jenny John Wesley- found Methodism in England which was against luxuries and a version of Anglicanism.

Coke Smelting- first discovered by Abraham Darby to use the by product coke for fuel and was more efficient and had a better effect than coal

Rousseau- was Enlightened philosophe and father of Romanticism who believed in using passion rather than reason. Believed people needed to join together in a collective search for freedom (had to be social understanding to institute progress/wanted democracy) “The Social Contract”

Montesquieu- enlightened philosophe who believed government should fit the size of the state, university education, against slavery, reparation of powers in government. “The Spirit of the Laws” “The Persian Letters”

Moliere- Part of French Classicism movement at Versaillies. French comedian who was invited to Versailles to write plays for Louis XIV. Made fun of government and nobles. Sought to revive Greek/Roman Glory. 18th century.

Nobles of the Sword- nobles who could trace back ancestry many generations. Owned land but had no financial stability. Relied on obligations owned by workers. Angered by nobles of the robe who were wealthy and newly appointed.

Junker- eastern European (Prussian) nobles who controlled the military and held political power. Owned most of the land.

Richelieu- clergyman for Louis XIII who wanted to diminish the power of the nobility and defeat the Austrian& Spanish Habsburgs instilled this in Mazarin and was later the aim of Louis XIV.

Petrarch- He was a Renaissance humanist who learned Latin by reading Cicero and taught the ancient texts.

Bonfire of the Vanities- This was done by Savonarola as a demonstration against Church corruption.  Burned paintings and books thought to be against the Catholic religion.

Francis Drake- He was a privateer, known as a “Sea Dog”, who harassed the Spanish fleet and lead the English to victory over the Armada 1588.

Bloody Mary- Mary of England who attempted to instill the Catholic religion by persecuting Protestants and marrying Philip II.

Index- This was a list of books banned by the Catholic Church for not corresponding with strict religious policy.

Pluralism- discouraged in Reformation.  This is the holding of more than one parish for profit.

Deism- Belief that God was like a clockmaker who created the earth and then took an absence to let it run by itself.  Disproved “God’s will” and led man to think he could be the master of the universe.  Belief shared by many Enlightened philosophers.

Spiritual Exercises- work by Ignatius Loyola/Jesuits in the 16^th century.  Part of the Council of Trent & Counter (Catholic) Reformation to restore the Church.

New Monarchs- Ferdinand and Isabella, Louis XI, and Henry VII were new monarchs.  They began unifying state (used Inquisition in Spain) and tried to diminish Church authority.  They began levying taxes, instituting laws, and financing exploration.

Colbert- He was the minister of finance for Louis XIV who paid for frivolous Versailles by using methods such as mercantilism, increasing internal taxes, and creating the French India Company.  He also improved roads/canals.  He prevented bankruptcy for France. 

Politics drawn from the Words of the Holy Scripture- Book by Bishop Bossuet who found evidence to believe that a king ruled by divine right. The foundation for French Absolutism

Spirit of the Law- This was written by Montesquieu. That no government is either despotic, republic, or monarchy and believed in a system of checks and balances to control the branches of government getting too much power (executive, legislative and judicial) 

New Model Army- led by Cromwell and controlled England during Interregnum. Carried strict Puritan values and were full time disciplined soldiers.  Won the Battles of Nasby and Marston Moor

Treaty of Westphalia- ended the Thirty Years War and added Calvinism to Peace of Augsburg and announced independence of the Dutch.  This ended most religious fighting in Europe. 

Peasants Revolt 1534- This was inspired by Martin Luther’s freedom of a Christian (but not supported by Luther). Wanted end to serfdom and tithe, crushed by the nobility. 

Pride’s Purge- New Model Army threw out members of Parliament not willing to execute Charles I.  Colonel Pride was then left with Rump Parliament who voted to kill Charles I.

Escorial- This was the palace of Philip II.  Its focus was on religion and not secular politics This was outside of Madrid. 

Treaty of Nystad- Ended the Great Northern War, in which Russia received the territories of Estonia, Livonia and allowed Tsar Peter the Great of Russia replaced King Frederick I of Sweden. The Northern War and gave Baltic region to Russia “window to the West.”  This allowed Peter the Great to create St. Petersburg.

Simony- The concept of buying Church positions for the second sons since they could not inherit.

Treaty of Tordesillas- Alexander VI divided Portugal and Spain’s domain with line of Demarcation.  Spain gets everything west of now Brazil. 

Roundheads- Parliaments army composed of wealthier tradesmen.  The defeated the Cavaliers.  They were led by Cromwell. 

Lorenzo Valla- He was a clergyman who found the document “The Donation of Constantine” which he proved to be forged thus bringing into question the validity of everything the Church said.  15^th century. 

Sola Scriptura- Martin Luther‘s view on the importance of Bible.  This is the belief in salvation could be obtained by only reading the Bible. 

Sola Fide—Martin Luther’s belief that salvation could be obtain by faith alone and did not require good works.

Tabula Rasa- John Locke’s claim that mankind’s mind was a blank slate at birth and was filled with the results of the human experience.  An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Catherine de Medici- She was the regent for Francis I (15^th/16^th century). Power hungry Italian Queen who married into the French Bourbon family; Responsible for St. Bart Mass.

Frederick the Wise- Of Saxony, rescued Martin Luther from the Diet of Worms (and death). Because of this Luther supported the monarchy as the rightful form of government. 

Thomas More- Strong Catholic & secretary to Henry VIII but was executed for refusing to accept Anglicanism.  He was against the divorce to Catherine.  Wrote Utopia.

Peace of Augsburg- Charles V allowed each local German prince to choose the religion of the territory which he ruled. Only choices were Lutheran and Catholic.

William of Orange (William and Mary)- He was the King of England during the Glorious Revolution with Parliament.  He forced James II to abdicate.  He agreed to the Bill of Rights and constitutional monarchy. 

Four Renaissance Values:

· Humanism- reviving ancient texts (Latin)

· Secularism- focusing on the here and now rather than future Catholic beliefs

· Individualism- progression of the individual man to become great rather than part of the masses

· Rationalism- using reason to solve problems rather than relying on Church superstitious beliefs

Fronde- (1648-1653) nobles of the sword in France attempted to gain more power by terrorizing royalty; during the reign of Louis XIII. Last rebellion by French nobility—frightened the future Louis XIV and ws part of the reasonhe created Versailles

Table of Ranks- 1722; Peter the Great of Russia required nobles to enter state service.

War of Spanish Succession- Ended with the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Fought over successor to Spanish throne, Philip of Argon, who owned a third of France.

Cogito ergo sum-  “I think therefore I am”, by Rene Descartes, challenging scriptural traditions. Provides impetus for the Enlightenment.

Ecrasez l’ infame!- “Crush the horrible thing”; Voltaire’s criticism of the Catholic church (18th century).

The encyclopedia- by Denis Diderot in the 18th century; 28 volumes of knowledge connecting all aspects of life.

William Hogarth- 17th century social commentator, British; Harlot’s Progress, Gin Lane, and Beer Street

Joseph II- king of Austria in the 18th century, who abolished serfdom and passed the Edict of Toleration of 1781, for more taxes.

Cesare Beccaria- author of Crime and Punishment. 18th century enlightenment thinker who thought the punishment should fit the crime. 

Diggers- agrarian communists asking for lower food prices & better distribution of land. Rebel group in the interregnum period in England.

Levellers-  agreement of the people, led by John Liberne; wanted universal male suffrage another interregnum rebellion group.

Habeas Corpus- (1679) England, no imprisonment without due cause wanted by parliament in Petition of Right 1628   

Marston Moor &/ or Nasby- victories of Oliver Cromwell’s, roundheads supporting parliament in the English Civil War (1642-1649)

2nd Treatise on Government- 17th century, by John Locke if government is not doing what it should be; protecting, then remove it.

Secularism- emphasis on the reality rather than religion; main focus of the 15th &16th century Renaissance

Usury- the practice of using money to make money (loans), outlawed by the Catholic Church; Jacob Fugger and Jews did it.   

Thomas Hobbes- 17th century Englishman who wrote The Leviathan promoting absolutism so no anarchy. 

Jacob Fugger- 15th century; operated in Southern Germany; practiced usury and helped new monarchs succeed. 

Civil, canon & customary law- civil law laws passed by monarchs (middle ages), canon law-that created by the Pope of the Church, customary- traditional laws stemming from custom

Lorenzo the Magnificent- 1679 survived an assassination attempt; grandson of Cosimo de Medici leader of Florence at the time. 

95 theses- Luther’s arguments against the teaching and customs of Catholic Church (primarily regarding papal power and indulgences) Nailed to Church door in Wittenburg October 1517---start of the reformation

Defender of the Faith- title given by the pope to King Henry VIII of England for his willingness to defend the Church against the heretic Luther (done before he started the Anglican Church 16th century 

Catholic Reformation- (1545-1563); by Pope Paul III to eliminate some of the Catholic Churches vices during reformation. Included the Council of Trent, the Jesuits (Loyola), and introduction of Baroque art, the Index. It accomplished nothing.

Baroque- emotion emphasis; 16th century brought on by Catholic Reformation. Bernini was a baroque artist who created The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa.

Edict of Nantes- 1598 by Henry IV of France, granted Huguenots coastal settlements and tolerance of their faith after the St. Bart Day Mass.. 

Revocation of Edict of Nantes- 1685 by Louis XIV to gain God’s Favor. Allowed for more Louis to have more control by making France completely Catholic.

Mazarin- Successor to Richelieu who trained the future Louis XIV of France

Line of Demarcation- 1493  Treaty of Tordesillas, Pope divided world for Spain and Portugal. Spain gained control of the west of line, and Portugal the east. 

Albrecht Durer- “Horsemen of the Apocalypse” visited Italy; Northern Renaissance painter

Sistine Chapel- commissioned by Pope Julius II; painted by Raphael, Michelangelo   

Birth of Venus- Renaissance painting by Sandro de Botticelli 

Sacramentarian Controversy- 16th century Protestant doctrine controversy about the eucharist, between Luther and Zwingli – know the meaning of Trans and Consubstantiation

Battle of Lepanto- (1571) Hapsburgs ensured that Ottomans would not enter Western Europe.

Duke of Alva (Alba)-  appointed by king Philip II, prosecuted protestants in the Spanish Netherlands in the 16th century (Council of Blood)

Hanseatic League- economical trade union successful in the 12th century dominated by the German states of Hamburg and Lubeck 

Ptolemaic system- (150)A theory developed by Ptolemy, in which Earth was motionless and said to be the center of the universe, with the Sun, Moon,and other planets revolving around it. Gave positions accurate enough for the naked eye, supported by Catholic church and accepted by others until the Scientific Revolution (16th century) a time which it disproven by Copernicus.